The thiophene ring and cyclic boronate ring of vaborbactam form hydrophobic interactions, including with V333 and Y503.
The carboxyl group of vaborbactam hydrogen bonds with T487, S485, and S349. The amide moiety of vaborbactam hydrogen bonds with N351 and the backbone oxygen of T487. Crystallographic analysis of the PBP3:vaborbactam complex reveals that vaborbactam forms a covalent bond with the catalytic S294. We found that this cyclic boronate, vaborbactam, inhibited PBP3 (IC50 of 262 μM), and its binding to PBP3 increased the protein thermal stability by about 2☌. Based on the structural similarities between the evolutionary related serine β-lactamases and PBPs, we investigated whether the potent β-lactamase inhibitor, vaborbactam, could also form an acyl-enzyme complex with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PBP3. Developing novel PBP inhibitors with a non-β-lactam scaffold could potentially evade this resistance mechanism. β-Lactamases, periplasmic enzymes that are widely distributed in the bacterial world, protect penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), the major cell wall synthesizing enzymes, from inactivation by β-lactam antibiotics.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mediated by β-lactamases is the major and leading cause of resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins among Gram-negative bacteria.
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